Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a type of cancer that usually affects the salivary glands and the surrounding areas like the head and neck. However, it can also occur in other body parts like breast tissue, skin, prostate, or cervix.
This cancer type is relatively quite rare compared to other cancers. It has its own way of staging. The tumors may be solid, hollow, round, or have holes in them. Women are more prone to get this cancer than men and it commonly occurs in the age group of 40 to 60 year-olds.
Symptoms of ACC
As this cancer affects numerous body parts, symptoms depend on the body part involved. For the ACC of the salivary gland, one may have facial pain, drooping, or numbness in the lips and surrounding areas. If ACC affects your tear glands, one may face vision-related issues, bulging eyes, and also pain and swelling in the areas nearby to tear glands. ACC affecting your skin can cause pain, bleeding, pus collection, loss of hair, and increased sensitivity in the affected area. If it affects your breast, then a movable is usually developed near the areola. In the case of the cervix, it can cause vaginal discharge and bleed, and pain. The ACC of the prostate can cause frequent urination and poor urine flow.
Staging in ACC
Staging in ACC is done using the TNM staging system which is also known as the AJCC system. TNM is an acronym for Tumor Node Metastasis. Here ‘T’ means where the tumor is located and how big it is. N or node brings up the question of whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or not. Finally, ‘M’ means metastasis ie, if cancer has spread to other body parts or not. Diagnosis of the patients is used to answer these questions and also to come up with the stage of ACC. There are five stages ranging from stage 0 which goes up to stage IV.Â
So, a stage where the tumor is non-invasive is usually T1 or T2 while lymph nodes are not affected(N0) and there is no metastasis(M0). Stage II means an invasive tumor but lymph nodes are still not affected. The third stage shows that the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes but has no metastasis. Stage IV happens when a tumor is invasive that may or may not have metastasis and probably affected the lymph nodes. Stage IV has subcategories i.e., IVA, IVB, and IVC.
Importance of staging in ACC
The stage and grade of the cancerous growth of adenoid cystic carcinoma play an important role in determining the severity of the various stages like stage II. Staging describes the growth of cancer or the location or location of the tumor. It also helps explain if the tumor has spread or metastasized to other parts of the body.
Doctors use a variety of diagnostic tools to assess the stage of a tumor. We determine the stage of the tumor only after all necessary tests and scans are over. Knowing the stage of the tumor is very important in determining the appropriate treatment strategy. The doctor will follow the staging tools to select the best treatment plan that best suits the patient. It helps them predict a person’s prognosis as well as their recovery and survival potential.
The description of the stage depends on the type of cancer. There are many staging systems, but the most preferred and appropriate way to explain the staging of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is to use the TNM staging system.
In fact, some studies have identified clinical staging as one of the most important factors for not getting favorable outcomes. It also affects survival and recurrence. Presence of lymph nodes getting affected means higher chances of metastasis in the future but doesn’t affect the local recurrence. So, it affects the survival of the patient adversely. Grade plays an important role in prognosis and might be the marker for the treatment outcomes. High-grade tumors mean lower chances of survival, frequent recurrence, and more relapses.
Actually, the origin also affects the outcome of clinical treatment. For example, ACC of the salivary glands has a high recurrence rate. However, it doesn’t involve metastasis. In a nutshell, we can say that a high-grade tumor corresponds to recurrence while the lymph node involvement affects the survival of the patients.
Summing up
We discussed ACC, its symptoms, and how it affects all body parts. We o talked about the staging system here. A staging system is very crucial in determining the stage of ACC. It directly correlates to the favorable outcome of the clinical trials and also the survival rate. So, it is of paramount importance while diagnosing and coming up with a treatment plan for ACC. There are some ongoing debates questioning whether the current staging system is effective in dealing with this disease. But further research and clinical trials are necessary to answer this question and also to come up with a better staging system.
